ENGLISH:
The holy and right-believing Alexander Nevsky was the Grand Prince of Vladimir and Novgorod during the period of the thirteenth century when the Russian lands were under assault from both the East and West. His military victories in the West and diplomacy in the East kept northern Russia free of foreign domination. The Church of Russia recognized him as a saint in 1547. St Alexander Nevsky is commemorated on August 30 and November 23.
Life
Alexander Yaroslavich (Александр Ярославич in Russian), the fourth son of Grand Prince Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich of Vladimir, was born in Pereslavl-Zalessky on May 30, 1219. He was the grandson of Vsevolod III (Big Nest, for his numerous family). Being fourth in line, he was considered to have no chance of succeeding his father to the throne of Vladimir. In 1239, he married Alexandra, the daughter of the Prince of Polotsk. After his father was poisoned during a visit to see Uzhedei, the Mongol/Tatar Grand Khan in 1246, Alexander succeeded as the Grand Prince of Vladimir.
In 1236, he was called by the leaders of Novgorod (formally, Lord Novgorod the Great) as their military leader in defense against Swedish and German invaders. He was named the Prince of Novgorod. At the time Novgorod was a major trading center and was associated with the Hanseatic League. On July 15, 1240, Alexander and his army surprised the Swedish army in a battle at the confluence of the river Izhora with the Neva. With his victory over the Swedes, Alexander put an end to a further invasion from the north and increased his political influence in Russia. However, the victory did not help his relations with the boyars and he soon had to leave Novgorod. In recognition of his victory the nineteen year old Alexander was given the name "Nevsky" (of the Neva).
In the spring of 1241, the Novgorod leaders again called upon Alexander to defend them from the invading and crusading Teutonic Knights. Again he and his army stopped the invasion, this time in the famous battle on the ice during the "Battle on Lake Peipus" near Pskov on April 15, 1242. By defeating, first, the Swedes and then the German Teutonic Knights, Alexander stopped their eastward expansion for several centuries. However, he fought many more battles against the Swedes, including one defeat in 1256 when they tried to block Novgorod’s access to the Baltic Sea. With the defeat of the Teutonic Knights, Alexander took to strengthening the defenses of the Russian lands in the northwest by completing a peace treaty with Norway in 1251.
In the meantime, Mongol/Tatar forces had invaded the Russian lands, sweeping through both the northern and southern regions, destroying principal cities such as Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Chernigov, Pereaslavl, and reducing Kiev to a small village. Alexander choose a course of submission and co-operation with the Tatars as he considered that resistance was hopeless. When in 1247, the Tatars came for tribute, he used his reputation as a hero of Novgorod to convince the citizens of Novgorod that submission was best under such hopeless conditions. When in 1263 a few towns refused to pay tribute to Tatar tax-collectors, Alexander made his fourth trip to the Tatar headquarters to beg the khan to stop the Tatar army that was enroute to Novgorod. While he succeeded, this was his last and most difficult of his service for his people; he died on November 14, 1263 during his journey home. Upon receiving the news of his death, Metropolitan Cyril of Vladimir announced in the cathedral: My dear children, know that the sun of Russia has set.
Legacy
In an age of great turmoil Alexander Nevsky was a man who defended his lands and people with great courage and whose action, while questioned by some, successfully maintained the territorial integrity of his lands for his people. As a consequence of his humble submission to the Tatar khan, Alexander was able to preserve the principality of Novgorod and other Russian lands from ruin. It is for his humble concern for his people that he was recognized as a saint by the Church of Russia in 1547.
Hymns
Troparion (Tone 4) Christ revealed you, O Blessed AlexanderAs a new and glorious worker of wonders;A man and a prince well pleasing to God and a divine treasure of the Russian Land. Today we assemble in faith and love. To glorify the Lord by joyously remembering you. He granted you the grace of healing, therefore entreat Him to strengthen your suffering spiritual children, and to save all Orthodox Christians.
Kontakion (Tone 8) We honor you as a most radiant, spiritual star, rising up from the east; going down in the west! As you enriched the Russian people with good works and miracles, so now enlighten us who remember you in faith, O Blessed Alexander. Today as we celebrate your falling asleep, we ask you to beseech the Lord That He may strengthen his suffering servants and save all Orthodox Christians!
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ESPAÑOL:
El santo y creyente Alexander Nevsky fue el Gran Príncipe de Vladimir y Novgorod durante el período del siglo XIII cuando las tierras rusas estaban bajo el asalto tanto del Este como del Oeste. Sus victorias militares en Occidente y la diplomacia en Oriente mantuvieron el norte de Rusia libre de la dominación extranjera. La Iglesia de Rusia lo reconoció como santo en 1547. San Alejandro Nevski se conmemora el 30 de agosto y el 23 de noviembre.
Biografía
Alexander Yaroslavich (Александр Ярославич), el cuarto hijo del Gran Príncipe Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich de Vladimir, nació en Pereslavl-Zalessky el 30 de mayo de 1219. Era nieto de Vsevolod III (Gran Nido, para su numerosa familia). Siendo el cuarto en la línea, se consideró que no tenía ninguna posibilidad de suceder a su padre en el trono de Vladimir.
En 1239 se casó con Alexandra, la hija del príncipe de Polotsk. Después de que su padre fuera envenenado durante una visita a Uzhedei, el Gran Khan mongol/tártaro en 1246, Alejandro lo sucedió como Gran Príncipe de Vladimir. En 1236, fue llamado por los líderes de Novgorod (formalmente, Lord Novgorod el Grande) como su líder militar en defensa contra los invasores suecos y alemanes. Fue nombrado Príncipe de Novgorod. En ese momento, Novgorod era un importante centro comercial y estaba asociado con la Liga Hanseática. El 15 de julio de 1240, Alejandro y su ejército sorprendieron al ejército sueco en una batalla en la confluencia del río Izhora con el Neva. Con su victoria sobre los suecos, Alejandro puso fin a una nueva invasión del norte y aumentó su influencia política en Rusia. Sin embargo, la victoria no ayudó a sus relaciones con los boyardos y pronto tuvo que abandonar Novgorod. En reconocimiento a su victoria, Alejandro, de diecinueve años, recibió el nombre de "Nevsky" (del Neva).
En la primavera de 1241, los líderes de Novgorod llamaron nuevamente a Alejandro para que los defendiera de los Caballeros Teutónicos invasores y cruzados. Nuevamente, él y su ejército detuvieron la invasión, esta vez en la famosa batalla sobre el hielo durante la "Batalla en el lago Peipus" cerca de Pskov el 15 de abril de 1242. Al derrotar, primero, a los suecos y luego a los Caballeros Teutónicos alemanes, Alejandro detuvo su expansión hacia el este durante varios siglos. Sin embargo, luchó en muchas más batallas contra los suecos, incluida una derrota en 1256 cuando intentaron bloquear el acceso de Novgorod al mar Báltico. Con la derrota de los Caballeros Teutónicos, Alejandro se dedicó a fortalecer las defensas de las tierras rusas en el noroeste al completar un tratado de paz con Noruega en 1251.+++
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