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jueves, 17 de junio de 2021

Saint Photios the Great Against the Augustinian Doctrine of Original Sin - San Focio el Grande contra la doctrina agustiniana del Pecado Original


ENGLISH:
Theodore of Mopsuestia (ca. 350-428) wrote a book titled Against the Defenders of Original Sin which Saint Photios the Great read and reviewed in his Bibliotheca (177). It is often said that Theodore was the only eastern bishop who not only spoke about but also against Original Sin as formulated in the West, but with this review we see that Saint Photios does as well. The chief defender of the doctrine of Original Sin, according to Theodore, was someone named "Aram", which scholars today mostly agree refers to Saint Jerome. However, Saint Jerome defended the doctrine of Original Sin primarily as a reaction to the extremes of Pelagianism, following in the footsteps of Saint Augustine. In actual fact, it was Saint Augustine who formulated the doctrine of Original Sin, also as a reaction to the extremes of Pelagianism, which is why Fr. George Florovsky writes of this book, "Theodore wrote against St. Augustine’s doctrine of original sin." Saint Photios was clearly unaware of both Saint Augustine's and Saint Jerome's defense of this doctrine, which he views as an obvious heresy foreign to the teachings of the Church and an extreme reaction against Pelagianism. Seeing that he praises Saint Augustine elsewhere in his writings, one wonders what he would have said about him if he knew that it was he who formulated this heresy. For pointing out the errors of these anonymous defenders of Original Sin, which were primarily Saint Augustine and Saint Jerome, Theodore of Mopsuestia is praised by Saint Photios, however Theodore also takes a wrong turn at points and falls into Nestorianism and Origenism and Pelagianism, which Saint Photios also discerned and condemned. Further, Theodore clearly embellished some points about Jerome in particular to make him look worse and supplement his argument. Unfortunately, everything we know of Theodore of Mopsuestia's book Against the Defenders of Original Sin comes from this review of Saint Photios and some fragments that alone have come down to us. Below is the excerpt of Saint Photios's review dealing with this book against Original Sin, to show how he condemned without hesitation this "new" false doctrine as something foreign to the Church.


Read a book whose subscription reads, "Theodore of Antioch, Against Those Who Say That Men Sin by Nature and Not by Intention." His polemic against those is developed in five books. He wrote this work against westerners touched by this ill; it is among them, he says, that the promoter of this heresy appeared: he left the west and came to establish himself in eastern regions and there composed some books on the new heresy which he had imagined, and sent them to the inhabitants of his country of origin. By these writings, he attracted many people of those regions to adopt his views to the point where entire churches were filled with his error.

I cannot say with certainty whether the name of Aram which he gives to their chief is a name or nickname. This person, the author says, fashioned a fifth gospel which he feigns that he found in the libraries of Eusebius of Palestine. He rejected the translation of the New and the Old Testament published by the united Seventy and also those of Symmachus, Aquila, and others, and boasted that he had composed a new one of his own without, like the others, having studied and practiced Hebrew since infancy and without having mastered the spirit of the Holy Scripture. Instead he put himself under the tuiton of some low-class Jews and there acquired the audacity to make his own version.

The principles of their heresy are, in summary, the following. Men sin, they say, by nature and not by intention; and "by nature" they do not mean that nature which was in Adam when first created (because this, they say, was good because it was made by a good God), but that nature which was his later after the fall because of his ill conduct and sin. He received a sinful nature in exchange for the good and a mortal nature in exchange for an immortal; it is in this manner and by nature that men became sinners after having been good by nature. It is in their nature and not by a voluntary choice that they acquired sin.

The second point is connected to the preceding propositions. They say that infants, even newly born, are not free from sin because, since the disobedience of Adam, nature is fixed into sin and that this sinful nature, as was said, extends to all his descendants. They quote, he says, the verse, "I was born in sin" and others similar: the holy baptism itself; the communion with the incorruptible body for the remission of sins and the fact that these apply to infants they view as a confirmation of their own opinion. They claim also that no man is just, and this is thus obviously a corollary of their initial position, "because nothing of flesh can be justified before you," he says, and he cites other texts of the same kind.

The fourth point - O blasphemous and impious mouth! - is that Christ himself, our God, because he put on a nature soiled by sin, was not himself free from sin. However, in other places in their impious writings, as the author says, it can be seen that they apply the Incarnation to Christ not in truth and in nature, but only in appearance.

The fifth point is that marriage, they say, or the desire of carnal union and the ejection of seed and all that is of that domain and by which our species perpetuates itself and increases itself are works of the evil nature into which Adam fell through sin to receive all the weight of the evils because of his sinful nature. Such are thus the positions of the heretics.

As for our Theodore, he refutes them with reason and sometimes it is in the best manner and with vigor that he blames the absurd and blasphemous character of their opinions; and, in returning to the words of Scripture that the others interpret against their correct meaning, he demonstrates their ignorance perfectly. On the other hand, this is not always the case, but he seems to us, in many places, entangled in the Nestorian heresy and echoes that of Origen, at least in that which concerns the end of [eternal] punishment.

Further, he says that Adam was mortal from the beginning and that it was only in appearance, to make us hate sin, that God seemed to impose death on us as a punishment for sin; this assertion does not seem to me to proceed from just reasoning, but on the contrary it leaves much to explain if someone chooses to ask, even if, as the author wants to say, a opinion like his is strongly opposed to heresy. Because an idea is not good just because it fights a bad idea - in fact bad ideas combat each other - but that which conforms to valid reasoning and is supported by the testimony of the holy Scriptures is admissible, even if no heresy dares to oppose it.

Source: https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2021/06/saint-photios-great-against-augustinian.html

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ESPAÑOL:

Teodoro de Mopsuestia (ca. 350-428) escribió un libro titulado Contra los Defensores del Pecado Original que San Focio el Grande leyó y reseñó en su Bibliotheca (177). A menudo se dice que Teodoro fue el único obispo oriental que no solo habló sino también en contra del Pecado Original tal como se formuló en Occidente, pero con esta revisión vemos que San Focio también lo hace. El principal defensor de la doctrina del pecado original, según Teodoro, fue alguien llamado "Aram," que los eruditos hoy en día en su mayoría coinciden en que se refiere a San Jerónimo. Sin embargo, San Jerónimo defendió la doctrina del Pecado Original principalmente como reacción a los extremos del pelagianismo, siguiendo los pasos de San Agustín. De hecho, fue San Agustín quien formuló la doctrina del Pecado Original, también como reacción a los extremos del pelagianismo, razón por la cual el P. George Florovsky escribe sobre este libro: "Teodoro escribió en contra de la doctrina del pecado original de San Agustín". San Fotio claramente desconocía la defensa de esta doctrina tanto de San Agustín como de San Jerónimo, que ve como una obvia herejía ajena a las enseñanzas de la Iglesia y una reacción extrema contra el pelagianismo. Al ver que alaba a San Agustín en otras partes de sus escritos, uno se pregunta qué habría dicho de él si hubiera sabido que fue él quien formuló esta herejía. Por señalar los errores de estos defensores anónimos del Pecado Original, que fueron principalmente San Agustín y San Jerónimo, San Fotio alaba a Teodoro de Mopsuestia, sin embargo Teodoro también se equivoca en algunos puntos y cae en el Nestorianismo y el Origenismo y el Pelagianismo, que San Fotio también discernió y condenó. Además, Theodore claramente embelleció algunos puntos sobre Jerome en particular para hacerlo lucir peor y complementar su argumento. Desafortunadamente, todo lo que sabemos del libro de Teodoro de Mopsuestia Contra los defensores del pecado original proviene de esta reseña de San Fotio y de algunos fragmentos que solo nos han llegado. A continuación se muestra el extracto de la reseña de San Fotio que trata de este libro contra el Pecado Original, para mostrar cómo condenó sin dudarlo esta "nueva" falsa doctrina como algo ajeno a la Iglesia.

Lea un libro cuya suscripción dice: "Teodoro de Antioquía, contra los que dicen que los hombres pecan por naturaleza y no por intención". Su polémica contra ellos se desarrolla en cinco libros. Escribió esta obra contra los occidentales afectados por este mal; es entre ellos, dice, donde apareció el promotor de esta herejía: salió de occidente y vino a establecerse en regiones orientales y allí compuso algunos libros sobre la nueva herejía que había imaginado, y los envió a los habitantes de su país de origen. Con estos escritos, atrajo a muchas personas de esas regiones a adoptar sus puntos de vista hasta el punto en que iglesias enteras se llenaron de su error. 

No puedo decir con certeza si el nombre de Aram que le da a su jefe es un nombre o un apodo. Esta persona, dice el autor, confeccionó un quinto evangelio que finge haber encontrado en las bibliotecas de Eusebio de Palestina. Rechazó la traducción del Nuevo y del Antiguo Testamento publicada por los Setenta unidos y también las de Símaco, Aquila y otros, y se jactó de haber compuesto una nueva propia sin, como los demás, haber estudiado y practicado hebreo. desde la infancia y sin haber dominado el espíritu de la Sagrada Escritura. En cambio, se puso bajo la tutela de algunos judíos de clase baja y allí adquirió la audacia de hacer su propia versión.

Los principios de su herejía son, en resumen, los siguientes. Los hombres pecan, dicen, por naturaleza y no por intención; y "por naturaleza" no se refieren a la naturaleza que estaba en Adán cuando fue creado por primera vez (porque esto, dicen, era bueno porque fue hecho por un Dios bueno), sino esa naturaleza que fue suya después de la caída debido a su mala conducta y pecado. Recibió una naturaleza pecaminosa a cambio del bien y una naturaleza mortal a cambio de un inmortal; es de esta manera y por naturaleza que los hombres se volvieron pecadores después de haber sido buenos por naturaleza. Es en su naturaleza y no por una elección voluntaria que adquirieron el pecado. 

El segundo punto está relacionado con las proposiciones precedentes. Dicen que los infantes, incluso los recién nacidos, no están libres de pecado porque, desde la desobediencia de Adán, la naturaleza se fija en el pecado y que esta naturaleza pecaminosa, como se dijo, se extiende a toda su descendencia. Citan, dice, el versículo "Nací en pecado" y otros similares: el santo bautismo en sí; la comunión con el cuerpo incorruptible para la remisión de los pecados y el hecho de que estos se aplican a los bebés que ven como una confirmación de su propia opinión. Afirman también que ningún hombre es justo, y esto es, obviamente, un corolario de su posición inicial, "porque nada de carne puede justificarse ante ti", dice, y cita otros textos del mismo tipo. 

 El cuarto punto - ¡Oh boca blasfema e impía! - es que Cristo mismo, nuestro Dios, porque se vistió de una naturaleza manchada por el pecado, no estaba libre de pecado. Sin embargo, en otros lugares de sus escritos impíos, como dice el autor, se puede ver que aplican la Encarnación a Cristo no en verdad y en naturaleza, sino solo en apariencia.

El quinto punto es que el matrimonio, dicen, o el deseo de unión carnal y la expulsión de la semilla y todo lo que es de ese dominio y por el cual nuestra especie se perpetúa y aumenta son obras de la naturaleza maligna en la que Adán cayó a través del pecado. para recibir todo el peso de los males debido a su naturaleza pecaminosa. Así son las posiciones de los herejes. 

En cuanto a nuestro Teodoro, los refuta con razón ya veces es de la mejor manera y con vigor que culpa al carácter absurdo y blasfemo de sus opiniones; y, al volver a las palabras de la Escritura que los demás interpretan en contra de su significado correcto, demuestra perfectamente su ignorancia. Por otro lado, no siempre es así, pero nos parece, en muchos lugares, enredado en la herejía nestoriana y se hace eco de la de Orígenes, al menos en lo que concierne al fin del castigo [eterno]. 

Además, dice que Adán fue mortal desde el principio y que fue solo en apariencia, para hacernos odiar el pecado, que Dios pareció imponernos la muerte como castigo por el pecado; Esta afirmación no me parece que proceda de un simple razonamiento, sino que, por el contrario, deja mucho que explicar si alguien opta por preguntar, incluso si, como quiere decir el autor, una opinión como la suya se opone fuertemente a la herejía. Porque una idea no es buena solo porque lucha contra una mala idea, de hecho las malas ideas se combaten entre sí, sino que lo que se ajusta a un razonamiento válido y está respaldado por el testimonio de las Sagradas Escrituras es admisible, incluso si ninguna herejía se atreve a oponerse a ella. 

 

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domingo, 31 de mayo de 2020

Rome The Whore of Babylon: By their fruits you shall know them


Matthew 7:16–20

16 By their fruits you shall know them. Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles?

17 Even so every good tree bringeth forth good fruit, and the evil tree bringeth forth evil fruit.

18 A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit, neither can an evil tree bring forth good fruit.

19 Every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit, shall be cut down, and shall be cast into the fire.

20 Wherefore by their fruits you shall know them. 


21 Not every one that saith to me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven: but he that doth the will of my Father who is in heaven, he shall enter into the kingdom of heaven.

22 Many will say to me in that day: Lord, Lord, have not we prophesied in thy name, and cast out devils in thy name, and done many miracles in thy name?

23 And then will I profess unto them, I never knew you: depart from me, you that work iniquity. 


Come out of her, my people, that ye be not partakers of her sins, and that ye receive not of her plagues (Revelation 18:4).

 (Click on image to enlarge)
 12th and 14th Century evidence of Apostasy at the Roman Church -  Pictures of churches with pagan gods: goddess Venus, god Apollo, demons and naked children (pederasty)

   Roman Pagan gods at St. Peter's Basilica gate



 Promotion of pedophilia at St. Peters Basilica gate: Pagan god Zeus raping Ganymede



The Great Apostasy, 11th Century: An exposé of some of the most wicked heads of the Beast, the Roman Church, the Whore of Babylon predicted in the Book of Apocalypse. The most evil beings in history, apostates, heretics, idolaters, homosexual perverts, adulterers, murderers and thieves. Rome the cesspool of corruption, the See of the Antichrist.


Alexander VI (1492-1503)

Background: If greed is good, then Alexander VI was the "best pope". He literally bought his way into becoming pope, bankrolled by France and Genoa and his own merchant family.

Alexander VI, Rodrigo Borgia. Perhaps the most well known of the popes behaving badly, Pope Alexander VI built an empire for himself by defrocking his own son, who was a cardinal, and making him into a duke, and then marrying his daughter to several princes and dukes (after some untimely but very convenient deaths which made her a widow more than once) in order to gain land and power. He was gregarious and good humored as he was cunning. Accused of incest, theft, murder, and intrigue, and a man so obese that his own funeral needed to be hurried before his bloated body exploded from heat and weight.


Lucrezia and some of Alexander's many spawn.

Why He is Awful: Alexander VI became the Halliburton and Dick Cheney of the papacy, swindling his way onto the throne with cash and selling the papacy a piece at a time to warring empires in Europe. While he was raking in the wealth and involving the Holy See in French and Italian political intrigues, he was also amassing women and power for his family.

One of his most infamous stunts was to use his attractive daughter Lucrezia, whom he supposedly had an affair with, as bait for wealthy merchants. When a rich merchant prince would visit Rome Alexander VI would introduce his daughter, have her seduce them, and then marry his daughter off to the merchant for a vast dowry. Unfortunately for the merchant, Alexander VI was the pope and got to decide who was married and who wasn't married. As soon as a wealthier merchant rolled into Rome Lucrezia's marriage would end and she would become available to the next highest bidder.

Alexander VI was also wildly unpopular with devout Catholics because he never made any attempt to be religious. He was a 100% secular pope, ignoring all of the rules and traditions of the church. He married, had children, and sired countless children outside of marriage.

He also held extravagant parties that often tended to become orgies. These parties were so intense that one of them, known as the Banquet of Chestnuts, is actually a part of recorded papal history. 50 prostitutes would bring in baskets of chestnuts and empty them out on the floor. The women's clothes would then be auctioned off and once they were naked they would crawl around on the floor picking up the chestnuts. Then the members of the clergy, including the pope, would have sex with the prostitutes and for prizes. He was involved in the demonic practice of Astrology, like Paul II.

According to historian William Manchester, "Servants kept score of each man's orgasms, for the pope greatly admired virility and measured a man's machismo by his ejaculative capacity."

When Alexander VI's political intrigues ran him into financial trouble, he instituted a brutal pogrom against the wealthy, confiscating riches under the thin guise of criminal enforcement. If the wealthy resisted they were put to death. These pogroms fueled instability and eventually led to Alexander's involvement in a series of unfortunate military struggles. Assassins, paid by Alexander's many enemies, made repeated attempts on him. In 1503 they finally succeeded with a plate of poisoned food.

John Burchard, a sort of living papal Captain's Log, recorded Alexander VI's gruesome death.

"Alexander VI's stomach became swollen and turned to liquid, while his face became wine-colored and his skin began to peel off. Finally his stomach and bowels bled profusely."

Alexander VI died soon after the poisoning. His last words were, "Wait a minute."

Astrologia - Vatican Alexander VI's apartment


John XII (955-964)

Background: If the 16th century was the renaissance of shitty popes, the 10th century was the true dark age of the papacy. Popes during this time period were basically Genghis Kahn with a prettier hat. Pope John XII assumed the throne of Saint Peter at the seemingly tender age of 18, but back in the 10th century people lived to be about 25, so that was no excuse for the horrible reign that was to follow.


Typical papal whores, breast naked.

Why He is Awful: Pope John XII was a notorious sex fiend. He had sex with women and men in the papal palace and when visitors refused his attentions he went ahead and raped them anyway. The same hospitality was extended to his two young sisters. He held massive orgies and took particular pleasure in defiling holy sites, like the tombs of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, with his sinful acts.
A list of crimes John XIII was accused of was included in the Patrologia Latina, which I assume is some ancient text of absolute bastard popes. These crimes are too numerous to mention here, but a few highlights include:

Ordaining a 10 year old as bishop
Having sex with his niece (I guess raping his sisters didn't count)
Turning the sacred palace into a brothel
Castrating and then murdering a cardinal
Blinding and then murdering his confessor
Toasting to the devil and invoking pagan gods during dice games
Refusing to make the sign of the cross, which seems like a job requirement for the pope


Pope John XII was no stranger to political intrigue. He granted Otto I of Germany the title of emperor in order to protect himself from his political enemies, but Otto I began to take more power than John XII was comfortable with. He conspired against his supposed ally, but Otto I returned to Rome and deposed John XII from the papacy and installed a puppet pope.

John XII fled into exile, but gathered an army of allies and mercenaries. He returned to Rome, ran off the puppet pope, and took back his title. Otto I mustered an army to finish off John XII once and for all, but he was too late. By the time Otto I arrived in Rome Pope John XII was dead. It is rumored that he was killed by a jealous husband when the man caught John XII in bed with his wife. By the way, his son became Pope John XIII and died the exact same way.


Pope John XII was an evil person. There is no getting around it. If he is not the most awful pope of all time, he is certainly in contention as the most evil.



Paul III (1534-1549)
 
Background: Pope Paul III, predecessor to Julius III, reigned during a particularly turbulent time for the Catholic Church and he made some difficult decisions. His edicts against slavery in the New World were the source of a great deal of conflict and he had to grapple with entrenched corruption in the Church, the formation of the Church of England, and the agitation of Martin Luther. He ruthlessly fought Protestantism and was known for having men strangled and then burned.

Why He is Awful: Pope Paul III wasn't just a bad pope, he was a bad dude all around. He murdered relatives, including poisoning his mother and niece, to inherit the family fortune. This sort of power was what it took to muscle his way to becoming pope in the disastrous aftermath of Clement VII. The most famous anecdote about Paul III's ruthlessness revolves around a theological dispute between two cardinals and a Polish bishop. When the argument wore on, Paul III had all three men hacked to death with swords.

Paul III was also notoriously corrupt, despite his supposed anti-corruption stance. Any position in the church was for sale and he famously took control of some 45,000 Roman prostitutes and then took a cut of their earnings. That's right, Paul III, the world's first pimp pope. Paul III's most well-known lover was an attractive young lady named Costanza Farnese.

She was the pope's daughter.



Julius III (1550-1555)

Background:
Julius was one of the rare duly-elected popes of the 16th century, most having come to power through intrigues or even murder. At the time, being pope was to the richest and most powerful families of Italy much like being President of the United States is to the Bushes and the Clintons. Compared to these families, Julius III was like the war hero of cardinals.

Decades before becoming pope, Julius was traded as a hostage by the dumb and cowardly Pope Clement VII to Emperor Charles V during the sacking of Rome. Julius would have been killed, but in a complicated twist Cardinal Pompeo Colonna, enemy of Clement VII and rogue commando cardinal, rescued the hostages including Julius III from the clutches of the Emperor. It was the original special ops mission. Despite such a dramatic history, Julius III would go on to become one of the vilest popes ever to sit on the throne of Saint Peter.

Why He is Awful: Once he was elected pope, Julius III looted the papal coffers to renovate his mansion in Rome. The Villa Giula, as it is known, became the full-time residence of Julius III and the pope oversaw the construction. He hired only the best (including Michelangelo) and had little interest in the affairs of the pope. Following on the heels of meddlesome popes like Clement VII, you might think this was a good thing, but Julius III had some unfortunate uses for all that free time.

In addition to the wholesale looting of the Catholic treasury so that he could flip his house, Julius III was known to have a thing for younger men. Alright, he liked to have sex with kids. Okay, he was infamous for having sex with kids.


That mansion of his was decorated with statues and frescoes depicting kids having sex with each other. Julius III didn't just let slip that he molested kids, he flaunted it. He decorated his house to flaunt it. He didn't need Martin Bashir to ask him about sleeping with some crippled white kid, Julius III was having Michelangelo chisel sculptures of mouth rape. He was blinging with child porn.

Controversial poet and scholar Giovanni Della Casa wrote an poem about Julius III in which Della Casa defended the practice of sodomizing young boys. The poem was known throughout Italy and was written while Julius III was the pope. That's like the 16th century equivalent of having a top 5 song on the Billboard charts name-dropping you as a child rapist.

All of these things combined would easily give Julius a spot on the list, but his masterpiece of popery came when Julius mixed business and pleasure. He had a tendency to appoint hot underage studs to the position of cardinal, but took things to a whole new level when he adopted a beggar. He raised the kid as a sort of foul-mouthed whore that hung out in Rome and was bestowed with the title of cardinal-nephew, which sounds and is creepy, but was also an extremely powerful and prestigious position in the church. Julius III and his boytoy inspired more than a century of anti-papacy sentiment throughout Europe.


Read also: 
Rome, The Whore of Babylon: Satanism in the Vatican 


Alá No Tuvo Hijo

  English Version:   Allah Had No Son Fuente:  https://www.chick.com/products/tract?stk=572&ue=d